How Neon Lights Work (A Simple Explanation)

Neon lights are colorful, bright, and reliable, so you see them used in signs, displays, and even airport landing strips. Have you ever wondered how they work and how different colors of light are produced? Key Takeaways: Neon Lights A neon light contains a tiny amount of neon gas under low pressure.Electricity provides energy to strip electrons away from neon atoms, ionizing them. Ions are attracted to terminals of the lamp, completing the electric circuit.Light is produced when neon atoms gain enough energy to become excited. When an atom returns to a lower energy state, it releases a photon (light). How a Neon Light Works You can make a fake neon sign yourself, but real neon lights consist of a glass tube filled with a small amount (low pressure) of neon gas. Neon is used because it is one of the noble gases. One characteristic of these elements is that each atom has a filled electron shell, so the atoms dont react with other atoms and it takes a lot of energy to remove an electron. There is an electrode at either end of the tube. A neon light actually works using either AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current), but if DC current is used, the glow is only seen around one electrode. AC current is used for most neon lights you see. When an electric voltage is applied to the terminals (about 15,000 volts), enough energy is supplied to remove an outer electron from the neon atoms. If there is not enough voltage, there will not be enough kinetic energy for the electrons to escape their atoms and nothing will happen. The positively charged neon atoms (cations) are attracted to the negative terminal, while the free electrons are attracted to the positive terminal. These charged particles, called plasma, complete the electric circuit of the lamp. So where does the light come from? Atoms in the tube are moving around, hitting each other. They transfer energy to each other, plus a lot of heat is produced. While some electrons escape their atoms, others gain enough energy to become excited. This means they have a higher energy state. Being excited is like climbing a ladder, where an electron can be on a particular rung of the ladder, not just anywhere on its length. The electron can return to its original energy (ground state) by releasing that energy as a photon (light). The color of the light that is produced depends on how far apart the excited energy is from the original energy. Like the distance between rungs of a ladder, this is a set interval. So, each excited electron of an atom releases a characteristic wavelength of photon. In other words, each excited noble gas releases a characteristic color of light. For neon, this is a reddish-orange light. How Other Colors of Light Are Produced You see lots of different colors of signs, so you might wonder how this works. There are two main ways of producing other colors of light besides the orange-red of neon. One way is to use another gas or a mixture of gases to produce colors. As mentioned earlier, each noble gas releases a characteristic color of light. For example, helium glows pink, krypton is green, and argon is blue. If the gases are mixed, intermediate colors can be produced. The other way to produce colors is to coat the glass with a phosphor or other chemical that will glow a certain color when it is energized. Because of the range of coatings available, most modern lights no longer use neon, but are fluorescent lamps that rely on a mercury/argon discharge and a phosphor coating. If you see a clear light glowing in a color, its a noble gas light. Another way to change the color of the light, although its not used in light fixtures, is to control the energy supplied to the light. While you usually see one color per element in a light, there are actually different energy levels available to excited electrons, which correspond to a spectrum of light that element can produce. Brief History of the Neon Light Heinrich Geissler (1857) Geissler is considered the Father of Fluorescent Lamps. His Geissler Tube was a glass tube with electrodes at either end containing a gas at partial vacuum pressure. He experimented arcing current through various gases to produce light. The tube was the basis for the neon light, mercury vapor light, fluorescent light, sodium lamp, and metal halide lamp. William Ramsay & Morris W. Travers (1898) Ramsay and Travers made a neon lamp, but neon was extremely rare, so the invention was not cost-effective. Daniel McFarlan Moore (1904) Moore commercially installed the Moore Tube, which ran an electric arc through nitrogen and carbon dioxide to produce light. Georges Claude (1902) While Claude did not invent the neon lamp, he did devise a method to isolate neon from air, making the light affordable. The neon light was demonstrated by Georges Claude in December of 1910 at the Paris Motor Show. Claude initially worked with Moores design, but developed a reliable lamp design of his own and cornered the market for the lights until the 1930s.

Tattoos Culture And Culture - 1527 Words

Tattoos in Culture There are different aspects of every culture and the American culture is no different. One of the aspects of American culture is the tattoo. Tattoos have been around for centuries, they are also part of other cultures and appeal to a broad variety of people. Tattoos became part of American culture through cultural diffusion, which is where one culture shares its culture with another through direct contact. Recently tattoos have re-assimilated into American culture and society by first being rejected by the mainstream culture to being accepted and popular in the mainstream culture. The etic perspective or the outside view varies because outside cultures, both agree and disagree with tattoos. Before tattoos were incorporated into American culture, they were part of several other cultures. Therefore, the cultures and countries that have tattoos as a part of their culture are more accepting of the tattoo culture in America. However, not everyone in these cultures appro ves of tattoos becoming part of American culture because they see it as mocking and offensive to their culture. This is because several pro-tattoo Americans only like tattoos for body art instead of their symbolic meaning to other cultures and just attribute tattoos to identity formation and fashion. They are offended because Americans do not understand the actual culture and significance around tattoos. Except for a few Americans who connect tattoos with some symbolic meaning, the majorityShow MoreRelatedTattoos : Culture And Culture1485 Words   |  6 PagesThere are different aspects of every culture and the American culture is no different. One of the aspects of American culture is the tattoo. Tattoos have been around for centuries, they are also part of other cultures and appeal to a broad variety of people. 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Dnp Practice Model Free Essays

Week 6 The DNP Project Describe a needs or change related to a practice environment, include your rationale for why this situation warrants attention Explain how your participation in a specific professional organization could be beneficial as you attempt to affect positive change in your identified practice environment through your DNP project I believe a significant practice problem is that many nurses do not see the need to advance their education after obtaining an R. N. By continuing to have the triple level entry into practice we do not have the control of the practice development that other professional practices may have. We will write a custom essay sample on Dnp Practice Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now The other professional practices have entry degree requirements that are reflective of the expectation that each requires. It is difficult to persuade a nurse to incur debt and expense to obtain a DNP when they believe as an RN, the benefits do not outweigh the work required. They don’t see how the investment of further education can change the future of nurses. Nurses may not want to give up the opportunity to work at the bedside and do not want the politics of management. The DNP offers the opportunity to maintain the clinical expertise and further education. The AACN recommendations that the entry as a NP by the DNP will assist with this, as many nurses do want to obtain the NP licensure and level of practice. Another attractive measure of the DNP is the ability of the clinical nurse to stay at the bedside of the patient. Many nurses are not attracted to administration or education and have resisted advanced practice unless its clinical in nature. I am particularly interested in nursing education and have experience as a clinical education instructor at the undergraduate level. The national organization that I would join must have a strong educational component and outreach to encourage nurses to obtain advanced education. McEwin, M. , Wills, E. M. (2011). Theoretical basis for nursing. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins How to cite Dnp Practice Model, Essay examples

Firestone Tire Recall Essay Example For Students

Firestone Tire Recall Essay Mission Statement: The Firestone Company is committed to being a good corporate citizen nationally, regionally and especially in the communities where we have manufacturing plants, sales facilities or offices. Our corporate philosophy is to build not just better products, but better communities. Firestone traces their roots to the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company in 1900. Harvey S. Firestone started tire production with twelve employees in Akron, Ohio. In Japan during 1931, Shojiro Ishibashi created the Bridgestone Tire Company. Bridgestone is proud to carry on the blending of Japanese and American methods to provide quality products. Their philosophy is to serve society with superior quality and best today but still better tomorrow. In August 2000, there was a recall of Bridgestone/Firestone tires. The company recalled its 15 inch ATX and ATX II tires, plus 15 inch Wilderness AT tires. The recall involved more than six million tires. A federal investigation found at least 88 deaths and more than 300 accidents involving Bridgestone/Firestone tires that had shredded on the highway. The majority of the accidents held the same situation of the driver maintaining a speed of 65 miles per hour, the tires shredded and the rubber peeled away from the rim. Most of the tire failures involved Ford Explorer sport utility vehicles. These accidents occurred after tire treads peeled off, causing tires to burst and malfunction then drivers lost control of their vehicles which resulted in crashes and turnovers. The tires involved are made up of many different materials layered around an inner shell. The outermost layer is the tread, which covers two layers of steel cords. This tire recall was the second largest in history; it als o raised a significant social responsibility and ethical issues for both Ford and Bridgestone/Firestone companies. Firestones last major tire recall nearly bankrupted the company in 1978, and led to its acquisition by Japanese-based Bridgestone. As with the recall announced, it involved abnormally high tread separation, resulting in accidents and deaths. Most of the tires involved in the recall were produced at Firestones Decatur, Illinois plant. Poor quality was named as one of the main causes of the failures, and many proposals were advanced to strengthen and update regulatory procedures. I think that Bridgestone/Firestone tire recall is complicated and extensive problem. The companies involved needed to explain why they knew about the problems but continued the sale of those products. The Firestone Company has a social responsibility to ensure the safety of its consumers. The tires seem to have a defect that causes the tread to separate form the whole of the tire and roll the vehicle, this occurs especially in the Ford Explorer trucks. In some of the cases fatal accidents have occurred from the rollovers. These companies need to understand that immediate action needed to be taken place to resolve issues and prevent more from occurring. This is the social responsibility of the Bridgestone/Firestone Company. This product recall affects the stakeholders; these consist of groups in Bridgestone/Firestones external environment. The groups are the employees, customers, social and political groups, competitors, trade and industry associations, governments, media, suppliers, communities, shareholders, and unions. These groups are significantly influenced by the organizations decisions and actions. These groups can also influence the organization, and impact the decisions and actions of Bridgestone/Firestone managers. Bridgestone/Firestone organization should care about managing the stakeholders relationships because it can lead to other organizational outcomes such as improved predictability of environmental changes, more successful innovations and greater organizational flexibility to reduce impact of changes. The consumer demands from an ethical point of view, a safe and worthwhile product. The problem was serious, since it killed passengers of many vehicles involved. This product of tires wa s also sold overseas. This impacted both Ford and Firestone because it put further consumer doubt into stakeholders. As early as the 1990s the indications of defects in the Firestone tires have appeared. In August 2000, a Firestone spokesperson announced that the company was being sued 51 times. A spokesperson for Ford said that no judgments have been awarded against Ford. Martin Inglis, the vice president of Ford North America said that Ford had tested the Firestone tires at its desert proving grounds in Arizona but had never witnessed such a failure. In 1999, Ford began receiving troubling reports from overseas markets. Ford received complaints of the suspected Firestone tires failing suddenly at high temperatures and under heavy loads. To the response of heavy complaints Ford replaced Firestone tires on more than 46,000 of its Explorer vehicles in Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Thailand, and Malaysia. Mr. Inglis stated, The incidents overseas seemed incidental, and that Ford didnt understand what the issues were in the United States. Ford officials said they had been looking at reports of tire tread s eparation on Ford Explorers for some time. At the time of the recall one official stated, It didnt just happen in the last 10 days. The root causes of the tire tread separation have been determined. An analysis of evidence shows that the tires fail because they are poorly designed. The design problems are founded by poor quality control in the tire manufacturing process. The design of the tire at the belt edges in the area around the wedge is insufficiently strong for the loads applied by the Explorer at the inflation pressures that are recommended by Ford. Firestone has never addressed the fact that the wedge gauge in thickness is unusually small and that the placement of the wedge length has a direct impact on durability of the tire at the belt edges. Also, reduced tires weight in the mid 1990s resulted in the insufficient coverage over the belt edges between the tires tread block pockets. The material removed from the tires to reduce weight restricted the engineers ability to spe cify a durable belt edge design with a smooth changeover from the inflexible belt edges to the flexible upper sidewall. The tire may have performed somewhat when produced precisely to specification and operated lightly loaded and at the maximum inflation pressure. The failure indicated that the design was unacceptable when the tire was exposed to the Explorer loads and the weight restriction that occurred during production. Ford and Firestone ignore the fact the weight reduction in the tire was directly related to the fact that the Explorer was so poorly designed that its wheels would not stay on the ground during anticipated turning maneuvers. The tires pocket shoulder design contributes to the generation of excessive internal heat at the belt edges. Radiographic analysis reveals there is significant movement of the tread rubber to fill the shoulder blocks of the tread pattern during curing of the tire. This unfilled shoulder block increased stress on the belt edges that result in crack formations at the belt edges. Radiographic analysis also display that the wire alignment within the belts is not uniform. It also reveals bad splices and extreme belt placement discrepancy. The wire cord that was chosen for use in the tires is 15, old technology used to cut costs. It pronounces the problems created by the shoulder design because it allows oxygen to interact with the rubber that results in ruin of the skim compound. The skim compound has inadequate rubber to wire adhesion for the specific design characteristics of the tire and steel wire. As the rubber looses adhesion from the steel belt cords cracks develop at the belt edges resulting in separation. Ford or Firestone has not addressed the role of the 15 wire cord characteristics as a contributing factor that enabled the spreading of cracks in the tire. The history of this problem with the 15 wire cord was revealed in the 1978 Firestone 500 recall. Design problems in the Explorer created a danger of rollover in turning maneuvers. Instead of modifying the design of the Explorer to fix the instability, Ford chose to recommend that the tires be operated at 26 pounds per square inch (psi) which was significantly below the maximum allowed inflation pressure. The lower tire pressure increased the rolling resistance of the tires but raised their operating temperature and decreasing belt adhesion. The decreased tire inflation and increased rolling resistance also lowered the Explorers fuel efficiency. To correct the fuel economy problem, the tire design was changed to a lighter weight and less durable which was prone to the stresses created by use on the Explorer at Fords recommended inflation pressure. The combination of all of these factors causes unusually high stress and heat at the belt edge area of the tires. This result in small cracks that spread inward and ending in complete tread belt separations, particularly when the tires are used in hot climates in a loaded condition and at high spe eds. The tires recall problem has been resolved. The Bridgestone/Firestone initiated a voluntary safety campaign to replace approximately 297,000 steel radial AT tires. Consumers will receive free replacement tires. Since these tires were not performing up to the companys expectations and in order to avoid any future problems they will replace the tires to enhance safety and to ensure customer satisfaction. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) has implemented the Tread Act that raised the bar for tire safety. The Tread Act was started in November of 2000, with direct linkage to the safety of Firestone tires and related matters. NHTSA could have detected the problems with the tires sooner if it had obtained reports about the tires problems in a timely manner. The Tread Act requires vehicle and equipment manufactures to report periodically to NHTSA on a wide variety of information that could show the existence of potential safety defect and to advise NHTSA of for eign safety recalls and campaigns. The act increases civil penalties for violations of the vehicle safety law and provides criminal penalties for any misleading information about safety defects. The manufacturers are required to accelerate its program to fix a defect if there is a risk of serious injury or death. Manufacturers are also required to reimburse owners who acquire cost of a replacement before being notified by the manufacturer. It prohibits the sale of motor vehicle equipment if it is the subject of a defect recall. The Tread act also revised and updated the Federal motor vehicle safety standards for tires to improve labeling on tires and to require a system in new motor vehicles that warn the driver when a tire is under inflated. Also new developments are being made to carry out rollover tests in vehicles and to disperse the results to the public. False Faces EssayNHTSAs reputation has been hurt by the media coverage and facts brought out in the congressional investigations. An editorial in The Bakersfield Californian suggested that NHTSA standards might be too weak or not enforced. NHTSA has been criticized for not investigating Firestone Tire and Ford Explorer accidents earlier. It appears that NHTSA failed to act in a timely manner. In addition the agencys data collection and reporting procedures added to the confusion and uncertainty surrounding the potential defect. It is interesting to note that although the NHTSA investigation began in May 2000. The data then posted on the NHTSA Web site represents a creditable effort to keep the public informed. This official site of the NHTSA summarizes essential recall information, states the current reporting procedure, and offers updated statistics on claims received. NHTSA says it will continue to monitor the situation to see if other tires needed to be recalled. It can be seen that the key executives in this event have taken many positive steps. Tires have been replaced, cars were redesigned, laws were passed, lawsuits are being settled, and most importantly, there has been more public awareness of safety issues. However there are unanswered questions. Have we determined the root cause of the tire failure? Have we recalled all of the dangerous tires? Have we fully investigated the relationship with SUV rollovers and tire failure? Will NHTSA do a better job in the future as it relates to consumer complaints? Will victims and their families have to resort to expensive lawsuits in order to reap justice? Will the different viewpoints of design engineers, manufacturers, and company executives are resolved before lives are lost? We need this company and all of its management to have good business ethics to do what is capable to keep the public safe. Works CitedBridgestone/Firestone statement regarding Venezuela voluntary customer satisfaction program. (2000, Sept 4). from the World Wide Web: http://bridgestone-firestone.com/news/atx/indexnews.htmConsumer advisory. (2000, September 1). from the World Wide Web: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/hot/firestone/consumer/consumer_09-01-00.htmlDocuments show Firestone knew of defects in 1997. (2000, September 6). from the World Wide Web: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/Daily/News/tiresPM000906.htm. Firestone announces findings of root cause analysis: Increased rate of tread separation claims caused by combination of factors. (2000, Dec. 19). from the World Wide Web: http://www.bridgestone-firestone.com/news/corporate/news/001219a.htmFirestone Radial ATX, ATXII and Wilderness AT voluntary safety recall information center. the World Wide Web: http://www.bridgestone-firestone.com/news/atx/indexnews.htmFirestone tire recall. (2000, August). from the World Wide Web: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/hot/firestone/Ford settles 8 Firestone-related lawsuits. (2000, Dec. 28). from the World Wide Web: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cover/storydb/2000/12/28/mn-bford.c28.txt.htmlFord lets dealers replace Firestone tires with other makes. (2000, Sept. 16). from the World Wide Web: http://www.cnn.com/Ford says Explorer not at fault. (2001, Apr. 20). from the World Wide Web: http://news.excite.com/news/ap/010420/14/tire-deaths-ford.htmlGovernment investigators seek to wrap up Firestone probe. (2000, Dec . 21). from the World Wide Web: http://www.cnn.com/2000/US/12/21/firestone.nhtsa/index.htmlNaughton, K. (2001, April 6). Questions answers: Well be judged on our values and behavior. Newsweek On-line. from the World Wide Web http://stacks.msnbc.com/news/556056.asp?cp1=1. NHTSA investigating failure of Firestone brand tires. (2000, Aug. 3). from the World Wide Web: http://www.cnn.com/Phillips, R. (2000, Sept. 16). Bridgestone/Firestone executive says complaints didnt reach him. from the World Wide Web: http://www.cnn.com/Public Citizen. (2001, Jan. 4). Ford, Firestone officials took narrow view when recalling tires, ignoring key data while admitting tires lacked strength. from the World Wide Web: http://www.citizen.org/fireweb/firereport.htmPublic Citizen Safetyforum.com. (2001, Jan. 4). Spinning their wheels: How Ford and Firestone fail to justify the limited tire recall. from the World Wide Web: http://www.citizen.org/Press/pr-auto25.htmRoss, S. (2000, Nov. 1). Tire-safety law signed. from the World Wide Web: http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/us/dailynews/clinton-tires001101.htm. Schaefer, G. (2000, December 20). Wheeling and dealing: Bridgestone admits some blame for deadly tire failures. from the World Wide Web: http://more.abcnews.go.com/sections/us/dailynews/tires001220.htm. Sears stops selling Bridgestone/Firestone tires under probe in crashes. (2000, Aug. 4). from the World Wide Web: http://www.cnn.com/Valenti, C. (2000, September 5). What cost recalls? from the World Wide Web: http://abcnews.go.com/sections/business/TheStreet/firestonetire_recall000905.htm.